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Historical experience
Martyshkin V.N.
The lawyer – сount L.N. Tolstoy
Purpose: Consideration of state and legal views of the famous Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy.
Methodology: The historical - legal method and a method of studying of documents were used.
Results: In article questions of formation and the maintenance of state and legal views of L.N. Tolstoy at his training at the Kazan university are considered.
Novelty/originality/value: Article possesses the high scientific value as is one of the first attempts to consider the identity of the famous Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy as the lawyer.
Keywords: L.N. Tolstoy, M.M. Speransky, state and legal views.
References (transliterated)
1. Andreeva L.S. Rukopisnoe nasledie predkov L.N. Tolstogo kak pamjatnik russkogo literaturnogo jazyka pervoj poloviny XVIII veka // Molodoj L.N. Tolstoj: Sb. st. – Kazan’: Rut, 2002. – S. 101.
2. Birjukov P.I. Biografija L.N. Tolstogo. – M., 2000. – Kn. 1. – S. 73–78. – (Genij v iskusstve).
3. Gusev N.N. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoj. Materialy k biografii s 1828 po 1855 god. – M.: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1954. – S. 225.
4. Zagoskin N.P. Graf L.N. Tolstoj i ego studencheskie gody // Istoricheskij vestnik. – 1894. – № 1. – S. 107–109.
5. Kazanskie gubernskie vedomosti. – 1846. – № 18. – Stlb. 174–180.
6. Koncepcija sozdanija Muzeja L. Tolstogo v Kazani. – Kazan’: Shkola, 2003. – S. 13.
7. Kopija dokumenta iz fondov Muzeja istorii Kazanskogo universiteta.
8. Lukovskaja D.I., Grechishkin S.S. Chetyre «besedy» M.M. Speranskogo o zakonah // Izvestija vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Pravovedenie. – 1997. – № 4. – S. 63.
9. Obrashhenie k uchastnikam pravovogo foruma // Speranskie chtenija: Materialy pravovogo foruma, 29.08.2013. – Vladimir, 2014. – S. 6–7.
10. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Ju. Tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo jazyka. – 4-e izd., dop. – M., 1997. – S. 704.
11. Speranskij M.M. O korennyh zakonah gosudarstva. – M.: Jeksmo, 2015. – S.166, 195.
12. Tolstoj L.N. Sobr. soch.: V 90 t. – M., 1935.
13. Judina N.V. Obshhestvennoe mnenie kak instrument sotrudnichestva gosudarstva i grazhdanina // Speranskie chtenija: Materialy pravovogo foruma, 29.08.2013. – Vladimir, 2014. – S. 222–223.
14. Juridicheskaja nauka i obrazovanie v Kazanskom universitete / Pod nauch. red. I.A. Tarhanova. – Kazan’, 2014. – S. 27–34.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND Advocacy PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Borodin S.V.
Advocacy Reform in France: historical experience
Purpose: Researching the history of the advocacy in France by analyzing the main stages, their characteristics and development trends.
Methodology: There were used the legal historical and formal legal methods.
Results: The article gives basic stages of the advocacy reform in France, their characteristics. The first stage of the advocacy reform identified a number of irreconcilable tendencies, mainly in the sphere of state regulation of advocacy. Twenty years after the first advocacy merger by the Law of 31 December 1990 there was the second merger and the greatest merger of lawyers in France. As a result of the reform the principles of independence, the rules for the privacy, for the conflict of interests, judicial and corporate ethics – remained intact and not diluted or diminished with the advent of a huge number of converted lawyers. The legislator just gave them more postulated details in the new legal acts of the advocacy profession. The legal community continues to maintain the high standards of the traditions and fundamentals of advocacy.
Novelty/originality/value: Article possesses high scientific value because it is one of the first attempts to inspect the history of the advocacy reform in France.
Keywords: history of advocacy of France, advocacy reform in France.
References (transliterated)
1. Ermakova E.P., Sitkareva E.V. Unifikacija grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva v Evropejskom sojuze v ramkah Stokgol’mskoj programmy 2010 g. (2010–2013 gg.) // Pravovaja iniciativa. – 2014. – № 3. – S. 13.
2. Ignat’eva K.S., Kienko A.V. Osnovnye problemy ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva s uchastiem prisjazhnyh zasedatelej // Pravozashhitnik. – 2014. – № 3. – S. 8.
3. Ragulin A.V. K voprosu ob opredelenii ponjatija «professional’nye prava advokata-zashhitnika» // Pravovaja iniciativa. – 2011. – № 2. – S. 16.
4. Ragulin A.V. Pravo advokata-zashhitnika trebovat’ zapreta na vmeshatel’stvo v advokatskuju dejatel’nost’ libo prepjatstvovanie ej kakim by to ni bylo obrazom: problemy zakonodatel’noj reglamentacii i prakticheskoj realizacii // Evrazijskij juridicheskij zhurnal. – 2012. – № 4 (47).  – S. 136–143.
5. Terela E.A. Sovremennost’ advokatury Francii // Advokatura. Gosudarstvo. Obshhestvo: Sb. materialov 3 Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konf. / Otv. red.: S.I. Volodina, Ju.S. Pilipenko. – M., 2006. – C. 278–279.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Koryakina Z.I.
Theoretical and standard bases of the right for protection in criminal legal proceedings of the Russian Federation
Purpose: Research of the theory and a standard regulation of the right for protection in criminal legal proceedings of the Russian Federation on the basis of the analysis of scientific sources, legislative regulation of the right for protection in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
Methodology: Structurally functional, legallistic methods were used.
Results: In article on the basis of studying of special literature, the criminal procedure legislation the compound content of the right for protection as object of research is opened, author’s definitions are offered, some contradictions in its standard regulation are revealed. It is noted that the right for protection in the theory of criminal legal proceedings is interpreted on – to a miscellaneous. The main compound signs of the right for protection are given, on their basis his concept and essence is defined. The attention to some probelnost in a conceptual framework of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation concerning institute of the right for protection is paid.
Novelty/originality/value: Article has the high scientific value as represents attempt of the analysis of definitivny and the standard content of the right for protection in criminal legal proceedings of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: the right for protection, criminal legal proceedings, the suspect accused, protection, the defender.
References (transliterated)
1. Adamenko V.D. Sub’ekty zashhity obvinjaemogo. – Krasnojarsk: Izd-vo Krasnojarskogo un-ta, 1990. – S. 9.
2. Baev O.Ja. Ugolovno-processual’noe issledovanie prestuplenij: sistema i ee kachestvo. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2007.
3. Bogdanovskaja D.A. Konstitucionnoe pravo na zashhitu v sfere ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: problemy realizacii // Advokat. – 2005. – № 2.
4. Berakashvili L.Sh., Ignatov V.P. Obespechenie prav i svobod cheloveka pravoohranitel’nymi organami RF. – M.: Shhit, 2009.
5. Volkolup O.V., Chupilkin Ju.B. Garantii prav uchastnikov ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: Ucheb. posob. – Krasnodar: Izd-vo Kubanskogo universiteta, 2004.
6. Vishnevskaja O.V., Gazetdinov N.I. Sostjazatel’naja dejatel’nost’ zashhitnika na predvaritel’nom sledstvii: Мono-grafija. – Kazan’: Izd-vo Kazanskogo universiteta, 2005.
7. Gavrilov B.Ja. Obespechenie konstitucionnyh prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina v dosudebnom proizvodstve. – M.: Moskovskij psihologo-social’nyj institut, 2003.
8. Gromov N.A., Kurushin S.A. Garantii prava na zashhitu obvinjaemogo v dosudebnyh stadijah po UPK RF: Ucheb.-praktich. posob. – M.: Izdatel’skij dom I.I. Shumilovoj, 2005.
9. Kudrjavceva A.V., Velikosel’skij Ju.I. Funkcija zashhity na stadii predvaritel’nogo rassledovanija: Monografija. – Cheljabinsk: Poligraf Master, 2006.
10. Korenevskij Ju.V., Kostanov Ju.A. Kak zashhitit’ sebja ot neobosnovannogo obvinenija v prestuplenii. – M.: JurInfoR-Press, 2007.
11. Levi A.A., Ignat’eva M.V., Kapica E.I. Osobennosti predvaritel’nogo rassledovanija prestuplenij, osushhestvljaemogo s uchastiem advokata. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2003.
12. Makarova Z.V. Professional’naja zashhita podozrevaemyh, obvinjaemyh. – SPb.: Izd-vo R. Aslanova «Juridicheskij centr press», 2008.
13. Matuzov N.I., Mal’ko A.V. Teorija gosudarstva i prava. – M.: Jurist, 1997.
14. Parfenova M.V., Konah I.I. Processual’nyj status i obespechenie prav podozrevaemogo: Monografija. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2005.
15. Pechnikov N.P. Obespechenie podozrevaemomu i ob-
vinjaemomu prava na zashhitu. – Tambov: Izd-vo TGTU, 2006.
16. Pechnikov N.P. Zashhita prav i svobod lichnosti v ugolovnom processe. – Tambov: Izdatel’stvo TGTU, 2006.
17. Pigolkin A.S. Teorija gosudarstva i prava. – M.: Gorodec, 2006.
18. Pikalov I.D. Sostjazatel’nost’ v sisteme principov ugolovnogo processa i ee realizacija storonoj zashhity na dosudebnyh stadijah: Monografija. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2007.
19. Reznik G.M., Slavin M. Konstitucionnoe pravo na zashhitu. – M.: Moskovskij rabochij, 1980.
20. Rossinskij S.B. Ugolovnyj process. – M.: Jeksmo, 2009.
21. Sapun V.A. Teorija pravovyh sredstv i mehanizm realizacii prava. – SPb.: SPbGUP, 2002.
22. Semencov B.A., Skrebec G.G. Uchastie advokata-zashhitnika v formirovanii dokazatel’stv na stadii predvaritel’nogo rassledovanija. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2009.
23. Smolenskij B.M. Advokatskaja dejatel’nost’ v Rossii. – M.: Mart, 2004.
24. Stecovskij Ju.I., Larin A.M. Konstitucionnyj princip obespechenija obvinjaemomu prava na zashhitu. – M., 1988.
25. Strogovich M.S. Pravo obvinjaemogo na zashhitu. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
26. Shadrin V.S. Obespechenie prav lichnosti pri rassledovanii prestuplenij. – M.: Jurlitinform, 2000.
27. Chebotareva I.N. Obvinjaemyj v stadii predvari-tel’nogo rassledovanija sovremennogo ugolovnogo processa: status, garantii prav i zakonnyh interesov. – Kursk:Kurs-kij gosudarstvennyj tehnicheskij universitet, 2005.
 
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Zelensky S.N.
Judicial practice in criminal proceedings of Ukraine
Purpose: Investigation of the role and importance of judicial practice in criminal justice in Ukraine.
Methodology: The author applied rather-legal and legalistic methods.
Results: The article explores ways to improve the efficiency and equity of criminal proceedings on the basis of one of its basic principles of the supremacy of law. With its introduction of conditions for the formation of a national judicial practice, enhancement of its role in the criminal proceedings and certainty of its equity. The courts in this function carry out not only justice but also lawmaking. Respond to changes in the legal reality becomes more prompt, which is especially important in the area of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Novelty/originality/value: The paper presents scientific and practical value, as containing the author’s summarizing and conclusions, characterizing the formation of judicial practice in Ukraine and its importance for justice in criminal proceedings. Jurisdiction has played an important role in shaping the concept of a reasonable criminal trial. Its special feature is the protection of human rights and freedoms from illegal encroachments of others as well as from the arbitrariness of authorities.
Keywords: the supremacy of law, the principle of justice , judicial practice, judicial precedent.
References (transliterated)
1. Aristotel. Politika. Afinskaya politiya. – M.: Myisl, 1997.
2. Gamilton A., Medison D., Dzhey D. Federalist: komentar do Konstitutsiyi Spoluchenih Shtativ / Per. z angl. N. Komarov. – K.: Sfera, 2002.
3. Goncharenko V. Moralnist yak osnovopolozhna umova spravedlivogo pravosuddya // Yuridichniy chasopis Natsionalnoyi akademiyi vnutrishnih sprav. – 2013. – № 1. – S. 121–128.
4. Gritsenko I., Pogoretskiy M. Pravo na spravedliviy sud // Visnik Kiyivskogo natsionalnogo universitetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. – Vip. 91. – 2012. – S. 4–8.
5. Kriminalniy protsesualniy kodeks Ukrayini: Naukovo-praktichniy komentar / Za zagalnoyu redaktsieyu profesoriv V.G. Goncharenka, V.T. Nora, M.E. Shumila. – K.: Yustinian, 2012.
6. Makarova Z. Spravedlivost v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve // Vestnik Yuzhno-Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. – 2012. – Vyip. 29. – № 7. – S. 54–56.
7. Malyarenko V.T. Pravosuddya // Yuridichna entsiklopediya: V 6 t. / Redkol.: Yu.S. Shemshuchenko (vidp. red.) ta In. – K.: «Ukrayinska entsiklopediya» im. M.P. Bazhana, 2003. – T. 5.
8. Nor V.T. Sudova praktika v mehanizmi kriminalno-protsesualnogo regulyuvannya ta formi yiyi virazhennya // Visnik Lvivskogo un-tu. Seriya yuridichna. – 2008. – Vip. 47. – S. 257–264.
9. Organizatsiya sudovih ta pravoohoronnih organiv: pidruchnik dlya studentiv yurid. spetsialnostey vischih navch. zakladiv / I.E. Marochkin, N.V. Sibilova, V.P. Tihiy ta in.; za red. I.E. Marochkina, N.V. Sibilovoyi. – H.: Odissey, 2007.
10. Petrishin O. Verhovenstvo prava v sistemi pravovogo regulyuvannya suspilnih vidnosin // Pravo Ukrayini. – 2010. – № 3. – S. 24–35.
11. Pravo na spravedlivyiy sud v ramkah Evropeyskoy konventsii o zaschite prav cheloveka (statya 6). Interights. Rukovodstvo dlya yuristov. – London: Lancaster House, 2008.
12. Pro vikonannya rishen i zastosuvannya praktiki Evropeyskogo Sudu z prav lyudini. Zakon Ukrayini № 3477-IV vid 23 lyutogo 2006 r. // VVR. – 2006. – № 30. – St. 260.
13. Pro sudoustriy i status suddiv. Zakon Ukrayini № 192-VIII vid 12.02.2015 [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2453-17.
14. Rishennya po spravi «Gurepka proti Ukrayini (№ 2)» (Zayava № 38789/04) Evropeyskiy sud z prav lyudini; Mizhdunarodni sudi; Rishennya, Sprava vid 08.04.2010 [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_565.
15. Solovyov O. Kriminalne obvinuvachennya u spravah publichno-pravovogo harakteru (praktika Evropeyskogo sudu z prav lyudini) // Pravo Ukrayini. – 2005. – № 2. – S. 121–124.
16. Foynitskiy I.Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. – SPb.: ALFA, 1996. – T. 1.
17. Shevchuk S.V. Sudoviy zahist prav lyudini: praktika Evropeyskogo sudu z prav lyudini u konteksti zahidnoyi pravovoyi traditsiyi. – 2-e vid., vipr., dop. – K.: Referat, 2007.
18. Entin M. Spravedlivoe sudebnoe razbiratelstvo po pravu Soveta Evropyi i Evropeyskogo Soyuza // Konstituts. pravo: Vostochnoevrop. obozrenie. – 2003. – № 3 (44). – S. 85–97.
 
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Shmyndruk O.F.
The stopping of the criminal proceedings with the release of criminal responsibility on the preporatory proceeding in Ukraine
Purpose: Research of conditions, grounds, procedure and purpose of the ending of the criminal proceedings with the release of criminal responsibility on the preparatory proceeding according to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.
Methodology: Systematical structural-functional, formal-dogmatic methods were used.
Results: In this article it is determined that the termination of criminal proceedings with exemption a person from criminal liability is a special form of proceedings in the trial court, which task is to solve the criminal proceedings on the merits, that is, the administration of justice, since the termination of criminal proceedings to the exemption from criminal liability the court must establish that the act actually took place that corresponds to the act of a criminal offense and that there are specific reasons for the person’s release from criminal liability provided by various articles of Common or Specific parts of the Criminal Code. It was found that the procedure of termination of criminal proceedings with the release of a person from criminal responsibility is regulated by the articles that are included in the section «Pre-trial investigation», as well as the rules laid down for trial in the court of first instance. It starts with the preparation of the production, after which the court passes to check the application for compliance with the rules of territorial jurisdiction, compliance with the law, as well as compliance with the order exempting a person from criminal responsibility. The court then proceeds directly to the consideration of the conditions and grounds for exempting a person from criminal responsibility. This procedure completes the production of the final adoption of a procedural decision - a ruling on termination of criminal proceedings and release the person from criminal responsibility, which at its core is an act of justice.
Novelty/originality/value: Article possesses the high scientific value as is one of the first scientific articles in Ukraine which researches of conditions, grounds, procedure and purpose of the ending of the criminal proceedings with the release of criminal responsibility on the preparatory proceeding according to the valid Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, preparatory proceeding, ending of the criminal proceeding, release of criminal responsibility.
References (transliterated)
1. Baulіn Ju.V. Zvіl’nennja vіd krimіnal’noї vіdpovі-dal’nostі. – K: Atіka, 2004.
2. Baulin Ju.V. Zvіl’nennja vіd krimіnal’noї vіdpovі-dal’nostі // Vіsnik asocіacії krimіnal’nogo prava. – 2013. – № 1.
3. Ugolovnoe pravo Ukrainy: Uchebnik / Otv. red. Ja.Ju. Kondrat’ev; pod red. V.A. Klimenko, N.I. Mel’nika. – K.: Attika, 2002. – S. 266–267.
4. Kovіtіdі O.F. Zvіl’nennja vіd krimіnal’noї vіdpovі-dal’nostі (za normami Zagal’noї chastini KK UKraїni): Navch. Posіbnik / NJuAU іm. Ja. Mudrogo. – Sіmferopol’: Kvadranol, 2005.
 
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Kuznetsova O.B.
The right of prisoners to receive legal assistance in foreign legislation
Purpose: Research of issues related to the provision of legal assistance to convicts, the law of foreign countries.
Methodology: Comparative, evaluation and formally-legal method was used.
Results: The author describes the possibility of obtaining legal assistance to prisoners sentenced to the penalty of deprivation of liberty in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia. The article analyzes the legislation of the countries of the Eurasian economic Union, governing the rights of prisoners to obtain legal advice. Negative and positive experience of realization of convicted persons the right to receive legal assistance are revealed in different states.
Novelty/originality/value: The article has a high scientific value, because it reflects the results of one of the first studies of foreign law in providing legal assistance to prisoner.
Keywords: legal assistance to the prisoners, the defense of the prisoner in foreign law, the prisoner’s lawyer.
References (transliterated)
1. Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems in Africa / Survey Report / UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011.
2. Beniwal Nidhi, Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Kurukshetra University. «Role of Judiciary in Protecting the Rights of Prisoners», January, 2014 [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/role-of-judiciary-in-protecting-the-rights-of-prisoners-1616-1.html.
3. http://rapsinews.ru/international_news/20130409/
266963822.html#ixzz3TMCGaJFF.
4. http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Sub+Document+
ID/B3AB5F97ED2DED6A80257A4800348A.29.
5. http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk.
6. Information Pack for British Prisoners in Italy / British Embassy, Rome, British Consulate-General, Milan, 30th July 2014.
7. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Angela Y. Davis. Jailhouse layers. Prisoners defending. Prisoners v. the U.S.A., City Lights Books. – San Francisco, 2009.
8. Konstitucii zarubezhnyh gosudarstv: Ucheb. posob. / Sost. prof. V.V. Maklakov. – 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: Volters Kluver, 2003.
9. Smorgunova A.L. Sovremennoe sostojanie prestupnosti v SShA i Velikobritanii (obzor osnovnyh tendencij) // Izvestija Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gercena. – 2009. – № 87.
 
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Titova E.P., Rudman M.N.
Enforcement of obligations in the treaties the shared construction
Objective: Studying possibilities of equity holders to protect their rights, with the participation in share participation construction
Methodology: Authors used a formal-legal method and a method of studying of documents.
Result: In article the maintenance of a number of measures of providing performance of obligations in contracts of participation in share construction, such as insurance of a civil liability of the builder, creation of society of a mutual insurance, maintaining the register of unfair builders and the deceived shareholders is analyzed.
Novelty/originality/value: Article has a certain scientific and practical value as allows to make representation about modern ways of providing performance of obligations in contracts of participation in share construction.
Keywords: share construction, contract, ensuring performance of obligations.
References (transliterated)
1. Verdijan G.V. Konceptual’noe ponimanie principa dobrosovestnosti kak pravovogo ponjatija i obshhego principa prava // Obrazovanie i pravo. – 2014. – № 1–2 (53–54). – S. 148–171.
2. Korobkov M.V. Problemy i perspektivy razvitija zakonodatel’stva o dolevom uchastii v stroitel’stve // Obrazovanie i pravo. – 2014. – № 5–6 (57–58). – S. 195–200.
3. Korobkov M.V., Jakimova E.S. Dogovor dolevogo uchastija v stroitel’stve: problemy i perspektivy razvitija // Obrazovanie i pravo. – 2014. – № 3–4 (55–56). – S. 159–169.
4. Kostrikin P.N., Buadze E.R. Sovershenstvovanie jekonomicheskih mehanizmov realizacii dogovorov dolevogo uchastija v stroitel’stve // Nedvizhimost’: jekonomika, upravlenie. – 2014. – № 3–4. – S. 30–33.
 
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Ivanova S.A.
Phenomenon of development of ideas about justice in Russia (ending)
Purpose: Consideration of a phenomenon of development of ideas about justice in Russia.
Methodology: The author applied a historical and legal and philosophical and legal method.
Results: Justice, acting as a difficult phenomenon or we weed interactions of economy, the right, policy and morals, reflects all complexity of socioeconomic communications and the relations of people and in the wide plan is social and philosophical category. V. S. Solovyov, S. N. Bulgakov and N. A. Berdyaev’s concepts resist to hedonistic and utilitarian prospects of justice and a personal freedom as justice in their treatment represents both result, and means of internal freedom. The combination of socio-political realism and philosophical idealism in works of these philosophers presented original option of permission of the major problem of the theory of justice – a ratio universal and individual, pluralistic.
Novelty/originality/value: Work is of the high scientific value as is attempt of complex reconsideration of questions of development of ideas about justice in Russia.
Keywords: justice, ethics, moral, rationality, integrity, principle of civil law, theory of social justice, middle class, civil law, law.
References (transliterated)
1. Yanowitch M. Controversies in Soviet social thought: democratization, social justice, and the erosion of official ideology. – New York, 1991. – P. 90–97.
2. Berbeshkina Z.A. Spravedlivost’ kak sotsial’no-filosofskaya kategoriya. – M.: Mysl’, 1983. – S. 114, 115.
3. Grinberg L.G., Novikov A.I. Kritika sovremennyh burzhuaznyh kontseptsiy spravedlivosti. – L.: Nauka, 1977. – S. 7.
4. Grudtsyna L.Yu. Instituty grazhdanskogo obschestva v sisteme chastnopravovyh i publichno-pravovyh otnosheniy // Obrazovanie i pravo. – 2014. – № 3(55)–4(56).
5. Grudtsyna L.Yu. Problemy klassifikatsii institutov grazhdanskogo obschestva v Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Mezhdunarodnyj akademicheskiy zhurnal RAEN. – 2014. – № 3. – S. 85–86.
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JUSTICE AND LAW-EN FORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Martynenko I.E.
Criminal liability for the smuggling of cultural property under the laws of the States Parties of the Eurasian Economic Union
Purpose: Development of proposals to combat the smuggling of cultural property through the improvement and unification of the criminal laws of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Methodology: The methodological basis of scientific works made in the field of criminal law and the legal protection of historical and cultural heritage. The work has been prepared on the basis of analysis of the literature and regulatory sources. We used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative law, historical, legal and formal-legal methods.
Results: The article deals with the specifics of the criminal liability for smuggling of cultural property. Analysis of the criminal prohibitions set out in the legislation of the States Parties of the Eurasian Economic Union, allowed to formulate proposals to improve the efficiency of state-legal counteraction to illegal trafficking in cultural property, in connection with which the article the necessity of activation of cooperation within international organizations pursuing the task of combating smuggling cultural values.
Novelty/originality/value: In connection with the creation of a January 1, 2015 the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC) was necessary to study characteristics of movement of cultural property across the customs border of the inter-state association. In the proposed article deals with the criminalization of smuggling of cultural property, which is set in the legislation of the five countries participating in this association. In this comparison of these problems are considered for the first time.
Keywords. Cultural values, illegal trade, customs union.
References (transliterated)
1. Bespal’ko V.G. New challenges qualification smuggling of cultural values on the basis of the object and subject of crime // Public and private law. – 2013. – № 1. – C. 86–93.
2. Vasilyev D.V. Smuggling of cultural values: criminological research: the dissertation ... The master of laws / Mosk. state. jurid. Academician. – M., 2008.
3. Vershoks V.V. Criminal liability for failure to return to the territory of the Russian Federation subjects of artistic, historical and archeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries: Author. Dis. ... cand. jurid. science. – M., 2005.
4. Grozin V.Y. Actual questions of preliminary investigation in cases of failure to return to the territory of the Russian Federation subjects of artistic, historical and archeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries: Author. Dis. ... cand. jurid. science. – M., 2007.
5. Gryaznov A.V. Contraband (Art. 188 of the Criminal Code). Historical and legal, sociological, criminal-legal research: Author. diss. ... cand. jurid. sciences / MSLA. – M., 2000.
6. Drannikov A.V. Criminal liability for the smuggling of items of limited civil circulation: Author. diss. ... cand. jurid. sciences / Growth. jurid. Institute of the Russian Interior Ministry. – Rostov n/D, 2000.
7. Dushkin S.V. Criminally-legal measures to combat smuggling. Questions of differentiation of responsibility and punishment individualization: Author. diss. ... сand. jurid. sciences / Research Institute of reinforcement. law and order of the General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation. – M., 2000.
8. Zueva E.V. Questions of international legal policy in the fight against trafficking in cultural property: The urgency and reality // Economic and legal reforms in the Russian Federation / The Institute of International Law iekonomiki them. A.S. Griboyedov. – M., 1999. – P. 25–29.
9. Lightman E.V. Criminal matters to combat smuggling // Tax and other economic crimes: Sat. scientific. Art. / Edited by prof. L.L. Kruglikova. – Yaroslavl, 2001. – Vol. 3. – P. 108–116.
10. Klebanov L.R. Smuggling of cultural values as economic crime // Legislation. – 2012. – № 1. – S. 63–72.
11. Kochubey M.A. Grounds of criminal responsibility for failure to return to the territory of the Russian Federation subjects of artistic, historical and archaeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries: Art. 190 of the Criminal Code // «Black Holes» in the Russian legislation. – 2005. – № 2. – S. 376–379.
12. Murashov M.Y. Actual problems of struggle against a particularly dangerous types of contraband // Current status, problems and prospects of customs business in the Far East of Russia. – Vladivostok: VF PTA, 2004. – P. 30–35.
13. Ozernyuk E.P. Problems prevent smuggling of cultural and historical values // Aktual. policy issues. – 2001. – Vol. 12. – P. 477–478.
14. On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the Russian Federation: the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 № 73-FZ // Meeting of the legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002. – № 26. – Аrt. 2519; 2006. – № 1. – Art. 10; № 52. – Art. 5498; 2007. – № 1. – Art. 21; № 27. – Art. 3213; 2011. – № 49. – Аrt. 7015; 2013. – № 30. – Аrt. 4078; 2014. – № 43. – Аrt. 5799; The official internet-portal of legal information. – March 9 2015.
15. Ovchinnikov S.A. Methods of investigation of contraband of cultural values: Author. diss. ... сand. jurid. sciences / St. Petersburg University of the Russian Interior Ministry. – SPb., 2001.
16. Export and import of cultural property: the Law of the Russian Federation on April 15, 1993 № 4804-I // Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1993 № 20. – St. 718; Operates with the changes and additions made to the Federal laws of December 6, 2011, № 409-FZ of November 2, 2004, № 127-FZ, July 23, 2008, № 160-FZ, of July 17, 2009, № 150-FZ and July 1, 2011, № 169-FZ.
17. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation regarding the suppression of illegal activities in the field of archeology: Federal Law of July 23, 2013, № 245-FZ // Meeting of the legislation of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2013. – № 30. – P. I. – Art. 4078.
18. Petrik I.L. Cultural values as a legal category // Kashtoўnastsі mіnuўshchyny-6. Gіstarychnyya tsentry garadoў Belarusi i shlyahі ix vyrashennya: materyyaly CANF., Mіnsk 28 Listapad 2002. – Mіnsk, 2003. – S. 25–41.
19. Protsiuk O. Smuggling of cultural tsіnnostey: problems kvalіfіkatsіі // Pіdpriemnitstvo, Gospodarstwa i right. – 2003. – № 8. – S. 89–91.
20. Rogatih L.F. Qualifications contraband: a tutorial. – SPb., 1999
21. Rusanov G.A. The fight against trafficking in cultural property: the criminal law and criminological questions. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2010.
22. Rusanov G.A. Criminal liability for failure to return to the territory of the Russian Federation subjects of artistic, historical and archeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries (Art. 190 of the Criminal Code) // New Law Journal. – 2012. – № 3. – S. 148–152.
23. Hodanov A.I. Organization-legal maintenance of operatively-search activity of customs authorities in the fight against trafficking in cultural property: Author. Dis. ... cand. jurid. sciences / Russian Customs Academy. – M., 2007.
24. Sharapov N.N. Cultural values and problems of liability for their illegal movement across the customs border of the Russian Federation // Actual problems of legal liability. – Tolyatti, 2003. – S. 277–284.
25. Fomichev S.A. The fight against trafficking in cultural property / Ans. Ed. A.I. Chuchaev. – Kaluga: Polytope, 2005.
26. Chudinov A.I. Protection of cultural property against illicit import, export outside the State and the transfer of ownership to them: Author. dis. ... сand. jurid. science. – L., 1990.
27. Shilin D.V. Problems of application of the confiscation of the subject of crime in the trafficking of cultural property // Improvement of criminal law in modern conditions: Sat. Materials Intern. scientific and practical. Conf., St. Petersburg, 23–24 May 2011 / BIEPP-BIIYAMS; Editorial Board.: V.B. Malinin et al. – SPb., 2011. – S. 607–610.
 
JUSTICE AND LAW-EN FORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Azykova J.M.
Classification of crimes in the area of heaith care under the Kyrgyz Republic legislation
Purpose: The article aims to study the problems of classification and systematization of crimes in the area of health care.
Methodology: Author used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, inductive and deductive methods and systems approach.
Results: Using a variety of criteria, the author presents to the readers a few options of crimes in the area of health care in Kyrgyz Republic legislation. Thus, the author highlights the crimes that explicitly specified subject (illegal abortion, improper performance of professional duties by medical stuff), the crimes without indication of the special subject but committed mainly in the area of health care (illegal referral to a psychiatric hospital, substitution of a child) and the crimes committed in complicity with medical practice (some crimes associated with transplantation of human organs and tissues). Another option systematization of medical crimes – on the basis of the object of crime. All medical crimes are divided into two groups: the crimes encroaching on human life and health and the crimes encroaching on other values protected by criminal law – freedom, horror, dignity, family, health and other. The author also proposes to differ professional medical crimes associated with medical care, service and official medical crimes and indicates the features and criteria for their differentiation.
Novelty/originality/value: Despite the lack of mention of medical crimes in theory of criminal law and in criminal legislation this work gives a detailed picture about medical crime as a separate category of crime and its features.
Keywords: the area of health care, medical crime, the system of crimes, human life and health, medical practice, professional duty, patient.
References (transliterated)
1. Glushkov V.A. Problemy ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti za obshhestvenno opasnye dejanija v sfere medicinskogo obsluzhivanija. – Kiev: Ukraina, 2000.
2. Kibal’nik A.G., Starostina Ja.V. Aktual’nyeproblemy ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti medicinskih rabotnikov. – M.: Ileksa, 2006.
3. Tjazhkova I.M. Ugolovnaja otvetstvennost’ medi-cinskih rabotnikov // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Serija 11. Pravo. – 1994. – № 6.
 
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Sonieva S.S., Malakshinova N.Sh.
Some discussion questions about the legal relations in the theory of state and law and legal relations in the land law
Purpose: The article deals with the definition of the legal relationship based on the theory of law as a methodology of jurisprudence, and definitions used in the field of land law. Attention is paid to one of the elements of the legal relationship as an object, namely the object of land relations. Particularly relevant was the question in connection with the recent changes in land laws.
Methodology: The world and theoretical outlook of researchers supports hermeneutic approach and the legalistic method is used.
Results: Topical debatable issues from area of legal relationship are considered. Vision of a problem by modern researchers taking into account changes in the legislation is generalized; special attention is focused on internal contradictions.
Novelty/originality/value: Аuthors’ opinion is based on the fact that for the management of land law, should be considered in view of civil, environmental and administrative law.
Keywords: relationship, rule of law, legal structure, objects and subjects of land relations, legal thinking, legal regulation.
References (transliterated)
1. Dzhioeva E.G., Mal’ceva I.A. Teoreticheskie problemy opredelenija ob#ekta grazhdanskih pravootnoshenij // Voprosy sovremennoj jurisprudencii: Sb. st. po materialam XXXVI mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. – Novosibirsk, 2014. – Vyp. 4 (36). – S. 16–22.
2. Ermolaeva E.V. Ob#ekt pravootnoshenija: istoriko-teoreticheskoe issledovanie: Avtoref. dis. … k. ju. n. – Ul’janovsk, 2004.
3. Zajkov D.E., Zvjagincev M.G. Nastol’naja kniga grazhdanina po zashhite zemel’nyh prav. – M.: Izdatel’skij Dom «RA», 2010.
4. Karavajceva L.A., Chetvergova A.V. Aktual’nye problemy pravovogo regulirovanija zemel’nyh otnoshenij v Rossijskoj Federacii // Voprosy sovremennoj jurisprudencii: Po materialam VI mezhdunar. studencheskoj jelektronnoj nauch. konf. 15 fevralja – 31 marta 2014 g. [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://www.scienceforum.ru/2014/762/2847.
5. Vopros o zemle vsegda byl naivazhnejshim: Interv’ju s dekanom jur. fakul’teta MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosova A.K. Golichenkovym, d.ju.n. G.A. Volkovym i dr. // Sud’ja. – 2015. – Fevral’. [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – Rezhim dostupa: URL: http://zhurnalsudya.ru/archive/2015/2/?article=1693.

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